The subspecialty of interventional pain management aims to help patients who are suffering from all types of pain by using invasive interventions. This may include anything from nerve blocks to implantable drug delivery systems to spinal cord stimulation. This kind of treatment is often helpful for patients who have long-lasting pain that cannot be easily managed with medication or other means of pain management. Therefore, these treatments are usually reserved for those with serious pain problems.

A nephrologist is a medical professional who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders that affect the kidneys. Nephrologists are often referred to as kidney specialists. Some nephrologists also do research that helps them learn more about kidney diseases, so they can produce better treatments for their patients.