Interventional radiology, which is also referred to as vascular and interventional radiology, uses minimally invasive radiology both to treat and diagnose diseases, disorders, and other problems a wide variety of patients may face. Generally, doctors in this subspecialty want to make the procedures they perform as minimally invasive as possible, as this reduces the possibility of other problems and complications. Physicians usually learn about interventional radiology while they are completing their residencies.

Pain management is a wide branch of medical study, and it can include a complete range of different therapies for those suffering from pain. Since pain can come from many parts of the body for different reasons, the solutions will differ greatly. Some doctors will prescribe pain medication to their patients, but in recent years, there has been a push to explore more medication-free pain management options, such as physical therapy, surgery, and even acupuncture and other alternative therapies.